William Douglas 1st Earl OfDouglas

William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas
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For other people named William Douglas, see William Douglas (disambiguation).
William Douglas
Earl of Douglas
Seal of 1st Earl of Douglas.jpg
Seal of the 1st Earl of Douglas
PredecessorNew Creation
SuccessorJames Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas
Spouse(s)Margaret, Countess of Mar
Issue

James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas, George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus (illegitimate)
FatherSir Archibald Douglas
MotherBeatrice Lindsay
Born1327
Scotland
DiedMay 1384
Douglas, South Lanarkshire
Buried1384
Melrose Abbey[1]
William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas (c. 13271384) was a Scottish magnate.

Contents [hide]
1 Early life
2 Death of the Knight of Liddesdale
3 War with England and Battle of Poitiers
4 Earl of Douglas and Mar
5 Marriage and Issue
6 References
6.1 Notes
6.2 Sources
Early life[edit]
William Douglas was the son of Sir Archibald Douglas and Beatrice Lindsay, and nephew of "Sir James the Good", Robert the Bruce's trusted deputy. From the time of his father's death at Halidon Hill, he is described as being a ward of his kinsman and godfather, William Douglas, Knight of Liddesdale and was educated in France.[2] In 1342, under pressure from Liddesdale, his uncle Hugh the Dull resigned the Lordship of Douglas to him, though Liddesdale rapaciously administered his estates while it was in his ward-ship, and assumed direct ownership of some of the Douglas territories.

Douglas returned to Scotland, upon reaching his majority in 1348, and immediately started to put his house in order. In 1346-47 following the Battle of Neville's Cross, King David II, and other nobility, including Liddesdale, were held captive by the English. Edward Baliol used the opportunity to ravage the whole of the south of Scotland. Douglas gathered his men and drove the English out from his ancestral lands of Douglasdale.[3] Douglas went in the style of his uncle, the Good Sir James, and for the following few years waged guerrilla war against the English in the Ettrick Forest and Jedforests.[4]

Douglas next became one of the commissioners to negotiate with the English for the release of David II of Scotland.[5]

Death of the Knight of Liddesdale[edit]
In 1353, Edward Baliol was ensconced at Buittle in his ancestral territories in Galloway. Douglas led a raid there to eject him due to Baliol's forfeiture of those lands that had been made over to Sir James Douglas in 1324.[6] Following this raid, returning through the Forest, Douglas came across Liddesdale hunting on what Douglas viewed as his desmesne. This was the match that lit the fuse of years of resentment over Liddesdale's assumption of the Douglas patrimony, notwithstanding Liddesdale's murder of Sir Alexander Ramsay of Dalhousie which John of Fordun gives as a reason for the enmity between the men.[7] Liddesdale, once in high standing with the Crown, had fallen into disfavour following his murder of Ramsay and another Knight, Sir David de Barclay. Douglas set upon Liddesdale and killed him. In February 1354, William of Douglas received a new charter from King David bestowing all the lands held by his uncle Sir James, his father Sir Archibald, and Liddesdale itself.[8][9]

War with England and Battle of Poitiers[edit]
In 1355 the truce with England expired and Douglas with the Earl of Dunbar and March, whose lands had been ravaged, decided to take Norham Castle in retaliation. One of Douglas' captains, Sir William Ramsay of Dalhousie, was instructed to despoil the lands around Norham and burn the town in an effort to entice the garrison out to battle. Ramsay did so and the English under the castle's constable, Sir Thomas Grey of Heaton and Lord Dacre, gave chase. Douglas and March meanwhile were encamped seven miles away in woodland to the south of Duns, when Ramsay had reached them. The English pursuers were ambushed by the Scots force, and completely overwhelmed. Following this Battle of Nesbit Moor, Douglas and March joined with the Earl of Angus in making an assault upon Berwick, but the Scots had to retire from there before the advancing army of Edward III. King Edward laid waste to the Lothians in an event that would be known as the "Burnt Candlemas". His supply lines were overstretched, and following the sinking of his fleet, and the Scots scorched earth policy, Edward had to turn homewards, but not before being ambushed and nearly taken by Lord Douglas's men outside Melrose.[10][11] Following Edward's retreat into England, Douglas arranged a truce with William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton that would last until Michaelmas.[12]

He also arranged a Safe conduct to visit the captive King David. Following this Douglas crossed with a large following to France and took up arms with Jean le Bon against Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince. Douglas was present at the Battle of Poitiers where he was knighted by the French King. Douglas fought in the King's own Battle, but when the fight seemed over Douglas was dragged by his men from the melee. Froissart states that "... the Earl Douglas of Scotland, who fought a season valiantly, but when he saw the discomfiture he departed and saved himself; for in no wise would he be taken by the Englishmen, he would rather there be slain".[13] After the defeat there Douglas escaped, but left a number of his men either slain or captive, including his first cousin latterly the 3rd Earl of Douglas, Archibald the Grim.[14][15]

Douglas returned to Scotland by mid Autumn, and was involved in peace negotiations with the English, one aspect of the treaty was the creation of March Wardens of which Douglas was one. Under the auspice of this office, Douglas seized Hermitage Castle in Liddesdale from the English in response to their depredations on Eskdale[disambiguation needed].[16] Douglas was part of the parliament that met at Berwick in 1357, which finalised the release of King David through the Treaty of Berwick, Douglas himself being one of the securities for his release.[17]

Earl of Douglas and Mar[edit]
Douglas was created Earl of Douglas on 26 January 1358.[18][19] In 1364, he joined David II in seeking a treaty with England which would have written off Scotland's debt to England in return for depriving his nephew, Robert the Steward, formerly an ally of Douglas, of the succession. Edward III's son, Lionel of Antwerp, would have taken the Scottish throne, although the independence of Scotland was to be guaranteed, and a special clause provided for the restoration of the English estates of the Douglas family.

The plan never succeeded and, on the accession of Robert II, Douglas was nevertheless reconciled and appointed Justiciar South of the Forth in 1372. The last years of his life were spent in making and repelling border raids. He died at Douglas in May 1384.

Marriage and Issue[edit]
William, Earl of Douglas married in 1357, Margaret, Countess of Mar and had two children:

James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas (13581388)
Isabel Douglas, Countess of Mar (13601408)
The Earl of Douglas also fathered an illegitimate son by his wife's sister-in-law, Margaret Stewart, widow of Thomas, Earl of Mar and Countess of Angus in her own right:

George Douglas, inherited the estates of Angus and was later created Earl of Angus.
Margaret Douglas, received in 1404 the lands of Bonjedward from her sister Isabel of Mar.[20]
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Maxwell, vol I, p.93
Jump up ^ Maxwell, Vol I, p.76
Jump up ^ Fraser, Vol I, p.217
Jump up ^ Fraser, VolI, p.217
Jump up ^ Fraser, Vol I p.218
Jump up ^ Maxwell, VolI p.57
Jump up ^ Fordun, p.360 clxx
Jump up ^ Maxwell, Vol I pp.78-79
Jump up ^ Fraser, vol i, pp222-228
Jump up ^ Fordun, CLXXVI,p.374
Jump up ^ Maxwell, vol I, p80
Jump up ^ Maxwell, vol I p80
Jump up ^ Froissart,CLXII, pp.124-126
Jump up ^ Fordun, CLXXVII pp.375-376
Jump up ^ Fordun, p.377 note
Jump up ^ Maxwell, Vol 1, p.80
Jump up ^ Fraser, Vol.I,p.233
Jump up ^ Maxwell, Vol.I, p.81
Jump up ^ Fraser Vol.I, p.234
Jump up ^ Fraser, Vol.I, pp.290-91
Sources[edit]
Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Brown Michael, Black Douglases: War and Lordship in Late Medieval Scotland, 1300-1455. Tuckwell Press. 1998
Brenan, Gerald, A History of the House of Percy II vols. London 1902
Fordun, John of, Chronica Gentis Scotorum, ed.Skene, W.F., Edinburgh 1871.[1]
Fraser, Sir William, The Douglas Book IV vols. Edinburgh. 1885
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 [2], K.M. Brown et al. eds (St Andrews, 20072011).
Froissart Chronicles, trans. Lord Berners, ed. Macaulay, G.C.. London 1904.[3]
Grey, Sir Thomas, Scalacronica, trans. Maxwell. Glasgow 1904.[4]
Maxwell, Sir Herbert, A History of the House of Douglas II vols. London. 1902
Sadler, John, Border Fury-England and Scotland at War 1296-1568. Pearson Education. 2005.
Peerage of Scotland
Preceded by
New CreationDouglas Arms 3.svg
Earl of Douglas
13581384Succeeded by
James Douglas
Preceded by
Margaret DouglasEarl of Mar suo jure uxoris
13741384Succeeded by
James Douglas
Preceded by
Hugh the Dull, Lord of DouglasDouglas Arms 3.svg
Lord of Douglas
13421384Succeeded by
James Douglas